The Role of Strategic Human Resource Management to Cadbury Schweppe... - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 23 Words: 6767 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.1 Introduction The strategic management of an organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s human resource has been recognized as one of the keys to business success. This particular strategy generally involved the optimization of the employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ potentials mainly through training and performance assessment. This organizational strategy has been integrated in several businesses mainly to improve profitability, establish stronger customer relations as well as achieve considerable business expansion. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Role of Strategic Human Resource Management to Cadbury Schweppe" essay for you Create order Strategic human resource management (SHRM) has indeed been applied to fulfill various important business goals and plans. Hence, major companies including Cadbury Schweppes, have been developing and applying various means on how to strategically manage one of their essential assets. Cadbury Schweppes is one of the major global players in the food manufacturing sector, specifically confectionery and beverage products. About two hundred countries worldwide are enjoying the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s world-renowned quality products and brands. The company has been able to expand successfully in different foreign countries mainly through its dedication to quality production as well as effective management and marketing practices. In order to progress further, the company still aims to continue on producing quality brands and products, meeting the needs of its shareholders and operating towards optimum performance. Cadbury Schweppes knows that its achievement to operate globally is attributable to its workforce. Thus, the company has been employing different strategies in order to strategically improve its human resources towards continuous global success. This study then analyzes how the company applies strategic human resource management it its operations. In particular, focus was centered on the assessment of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategies for maximizing the potentials, assessing the performance and enhancing the skills of its workforce. This research was conducted mainly to determine the relation of Cadbury Schweppesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ global success to its SHRM practices. 1.2 The Research Background Strategic human resource management (SHRM) was actually derived from the conventional HR concepts. Due to the growing pressures in business, particularly in the need to become more competitive and innovative, organizations and human resource departments see it necessary to reconsider existing HR practices. The application of the new concept involves the modification of HR policies, provision of training programs, development of performance measurement systems as well as the promotion of the employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ overall well-being. In turn, the changes in the HR practice then allowed companies to overcome some of the major hurdles in the business sector. Cadbury Schweppes is among the major companies operating in the world. Aside from multiple branches in several foreign countries, the product lines of the company as well as its market have continuously grown over the years. Along with its global growth and success, the company has constantly upgraded its SHRM efforts as well. The researcher then aims to determine how these HR strategies had contributed to the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s global achievement. Investigating on this HR topic can stress the connection between workforce and business efficiency. As effective employees have long been considered as essential to good business operations, identifying how the strategic management of human resource can contribute to greater success will then be of benefit to many other companies. The researcher then attempted to achieve this objective by using some of Cadbury Schweppesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ HR staff for information. Using a survey as the research instrument, the data obtained were the n analyzed to develop the findings. 1.3 Research Value Considering the increasing competitiveness in the business sector, organizations are in need of maximizing its resources in order to operate successfully. One of these important resources is the organizational workforce. By means of determining the different approaches related to strategic human resource management, workforce issues encountered by other companies may be resolved. In addition, companies intending to operate of expand on the global level may achieve this goal by assessing and improving their human resource strategies. This research may also be of value to employees as this could encourage business companies in general to give due value to their workforce so as to achieve better business outcomes. This investigative study could also contribute to the human resource sector particularly by increasing awareness on SHRM and the new approaches other companies could apply. Clients or consumers may also benefit from this study as the increased awareness on SHRM approaches can likely enhance both production and service provision of other companies. 1.4 Research Aims and Objectives This study aims to determine the role of strategic human resource management in the achievement of Cadbury Schweppesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ global growth and success. Below are the specific objectives of this research study: To determine the role if strategic human resource management in shaping the development processes of Cadbury Schweppes To analyze the performance assessment, training and potential-maximizing strategies of the global company To identify and analyze the human resource strategies of the company that allowed it to operate globally To relate various human resource management theories to the identified strategies of the company 1.5 The Research Outline The entire study is divided into five chapters. The first chapter presents the background of the study, the objectives, research problems and its significance. In the second chapter, literatures and published documents pertaining to strategic human resource management and the strategies applied by Cadbury Schweppes are discussed. The research methodology used for this study is discussed in chapter three. Specifically, this chapter focuses on the description of the participants, sampling technique and the research instruments utilized in the process. In chapter 4, the results of the survey are presented. Literatures supporting the findings of the study are also integrated in the discussion section of the chapter. Finally, the fifth chapter summarizes the findings of the research; significant conclusions as well as appropriate recommendations are also included in the final chapter. Chapter II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 A Brief Historical Background of Cadbury Schweppes Cadbury Schweppes is actually a company established by a merger involving two of the greatest companies in UK. Jacob Schweppe was the one behind the perfection of the carbonated mineral water manufactured in Switzerland in 1783. On the other hand, John Cadbury established the now world-renowned chocolate manufacturing company in 1824. Over the years, both companies have operated successfully and became household brand names in the British region. It was not until 1969 when these two manufacturing giants decided to merge. Through organic program and acquisition, both companies were able to expand the business worldwide (Cadbury Schweppes 2006a). As two big companies joined into one, the new company developed and implemented several business strategies that led to its success. For instance, during the middle part of the 1980s, Cadbury Schweppes decided to center its attention on its international brand confectionery and beverages. Through this strategy, the company was able to strengthen its key brand names and even led to the purchase of some other major food brands such as Mottà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, Canada Dry, Trebor, Bassett, Dr. Pepper and Seven Up as well as Hawaiian Punch. The acquisition of other popular brands of the company continued up to the new millennium. In 2000 for example, Cadbury Schweppes acquired the Snapple and Hollywood and even took the second spot in the French soft drink sector when it acquired Orangina. In 2002, the company placed number two in chewing gum production by acquiring Dandy, a Danish chewing gum brand and became the number one company in confectionery at the global level. For $4.2 billion, the company also announced its acquisition of yet another major brand called Adams (Cadbury Schweppes 2006a). 2.1.1 A Brief History and Importance of SHRM Strategic human resource management is considered as the extension of HRM. While HRM is focused on the theoretical concepts, SHRM is centered on how these theoretical foundations should be implemented. The concept of SHRM was actually brought about by the growing pressures of change. Organizations started to realize that changes in the conventional human resource activities must be carried out. This change would help much organization overcome new issues and challenges related to the human resource concept. In turn, human resource agencies and departments have been active in encouraging HR managers to develop means of applying strategy to the HR function (Niehaus 1995). This then gave rise to what is now called SHRM. Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) is a strategic approach that helps in managing employee relations. This HR concept emphasizes that leveraging peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s capabilities is critical to achieving sustainable competitive advantage. SHRM is actually applied by means of a distinctive set of integrated employment policies, programs and practices. Considering the increasing competition in the working sector, it is important that the employees are equipped with the abilities so as to assist their organization in overcoming such challenge (Bratton Gold 2003). SHRM gives emphasis on the integration of learning and organization. This means that the conception of learning must be considered by the organization as a purposeful business process (Ruona Roth 2000). Walton (1999) noted that SHRM is made of the introduction, elimination, modification and directional procedures and responsibilities where all employees are armed with the knowledge, skills and competencies necess ary for them to perform various organizational tasks effectively. Through SHRM processes, employees are able to learn how they can improve their skills and enrich their knowledge, which are very useful in their overall work output. The efficiency of the employees will naturally lead to greater productivity and higher levels of customer satisfaction as well as loyalty. The application of SHRM is also essential for the personal and professional development of the employees, which in turn makes them more confident and committed in their work. The ultimate outcome of SHRM is the attainment of a strong and sustainable competitive advantage out of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s workforce. For companies, generating competitive advantages out of their workforces is an important key in becoming globally competitive (McWilliams, Van Fleet Wright 2001). Schuler, Dowling and De Cieri (1993) noted that in order to successfully compete in the global market, human resources must be deployed effectively. 2.1.2 A Brief History of Human Resource Strategy of Cadbury Schweppes plc and its impact on the company The human resource strategy of Cadbury Schweppes originated from the company main operation purpose which is to work together to produce brands that others would love. In particular, the company developed a goal related to corporate social responsibility (CSR) in order to achieve this. This goal would direct the company to become socially responsible not only to their consumers but to the people working for it as well. As this goal covers the workforce sector, Cadbury Schweppes develops human resource strategies that are patterned CSR and ethical practices. In fact, one of the essential factors the company uses in its business operations is ethical behavior as well as the establishment of close relations with its stakeholders. The company generally believes that ethical business practices and respect for human rights are core foundation on how the company works and deals with people; the company also claims that good ethics works well with good business, resulting to long term succes s (The Times 100 2006). These core values then became the main influence for the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s human resource strategies. The HR strategies of the company are also influenced by the Quaker values which promote social reform, justice and equality. Thus, from the beginning of its operations, the company has always treated its employees with respect; the company also cares for the welfare of its staff. This explains why the company included sport facilities, parks and housing opportunities for its employees. It is also part of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s human resource strategy to inculcate its ethical business culture to its employees by ensuring that all staff members understand the values and behavior the company expects from them; this has been achieved through the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Our Business Principlesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? statement. The good practice of Cadbury Schweppes was even recognized in 2003 by the Management Today magazine where it was voted as one of the most admirable companies for fulfilling it environmental and community responsibility. During the same year, the comp any also placed second for the Food and Drink sector in the Business in the Community per cent club index for doing its social responsibilities (The Times 100 2006). 2.2 Human Resource Strategies of Cadbury Schweppes Over the years, the company has implemented several means to manage its human resources strategically. These strategies include those that maximize potentials, train employees, manage HR risks and assess performance. 2.2.1 Maximizing Potentials One of the key personnel of Cadbury Schweppes is its managers. Thus, in order to optimize their skills, the company applied various strategic programs. One of which is its Building Strategic Capabilities (BSC) program that was developed in 1998. This program course was applied in order to maximize the potentials of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s managers. The program is made up of three important elements. One is that the program course involved the study of real strategic issues rather than hypothetical cases; this made the course content more applicable to actual business problems the managers would encounter. Another important element of this program course was that the process of strategic decision-making is studied from goal-setting to performance-monitoring. This element of the program aims to enhance the managersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ strategic language, in order for them to be equipped with the necessary processes and standards for effective strategy implementation. Finally, this program is also made up of an element, which exposes managers to practical or hands-on training. This element is conducted by letting the program participants interact with the members of the top management. For the past five years since this potential-maximizing program has been implemented, Cadbury Schweppesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ BSC program is still used as the main approach for executive development (Morley Hepplewhite 2004). The company has continuously developed programs and strategies that would optimize the skills of its staff. For example, in 2005, Cadbury Schweppes pursued its People Strategy through its Building Commercial Capabilities program. This strategy is a group learning and development activity which is implemented to ensure that the full potential of all employees are realized. The program aims to develop the participantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ marketing and sales expertise as well as their commercial decision-making skills; this is done by studying the standard Cadbury Schweppes marketing and selling technique. A total of 1,000 managers have participated in this program (Cadbury Schweppes 2006b). 2.2.2 Training Training is an important aspect of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s SHRM strategy. Aside from ensuring that all employees have equal access to the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s training opportunities, Cadbury Schweppes also develops training programs that improve the competency of its workforce. For this year, the company developed Passion for People, a people management training program. This aims to teach the standard approach used for managing people; it is also the goal of this program to refresh such management approach among current employees (Cadbury Schweppes 2006b). Bob Stack, Cadbury Schweppesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Chief Human Resources Officer, also explained that this program is also conducted for the purpose of improving the drive performance skills of the managers. Furthermore, it is the objective of this training program to instill among employees the values and behavior that make up the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s culture (Cadbury Schweppes 2006c). The company does not only pro vide training opportunities to the new employees but also offer regular updates of the existing staff members. This strategy is also applicable in cases when one of its employees becomes disabled. When this happens, Cadbury Schweppes sees to it that an alternative job is offered. Moreover, re-training efforts are also provided to the employee if necessary (Cadbury Schweppes 2006b). 2.2.3 Risk Management In order to support the SHRM strategies of Cadbury Schweppes, the company include appropriate HR policies particularly in the recruitment, selection and hiring of employees. Other common work issues are also covered by the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s HR regulations. Through these strategic policies, the company is able to maintain its standards and meet desired business outcomes. Patterned after its ethical business practices, the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s policies promote equal employment opportunities within its global businesses. Thus, Cadbury Schweppes is a company committed to selecting employees based on their abilities and potentials; it is part of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s SHRM strategy to optimize the talents and experience the employees have and help them realize their other capabilities. The company believes that by shaping its HR policies with this ethical commitment, the business will not only employ people of talent but it will also help is establishing a good imag e in the communities where it operates (International Labor Organization 2002). In recruiting and selecting employees, it is Cadbury Schweppesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ aim to hire the best people for the position it offers and use methods that are free from bias and discrimination. For employee selection, the company ensures that necessary criteria including skills, knowledge, qualifications and experience of the applicants are clearly defined. Psychometric testing, assessment techniques ad other selection methods should also be non-discriminatory. It must be clearly described why the applicant was selected; for this, records for employee selection decisions are kept and stored. The advertisements of the company for the job positions it is offering should also be patterned after the equal employment aspect. In particular, the company must ensure that the advertisements present enough opportunities that most people can apply for. Moreover, these advertisements must reach even underrepresented communities and groups (International Labor Organization 2002). In order to im prove its selection process, the company had also recently used an online system for its testing procedures. An electronic version of its psychometric tests has been installed so as to make this vital phase of selection faster and more efficient (Graduate Recruiter 2006). The risks involved in human resource management are also controlled by Cadbury Schweppes through relevant policies. For instance, the company follows a compensation structure which is not influenced by the employees color, race, ethnic origin, gender, marital status, religion, disability or age. The career development of the employees is also dependent solely on their merits and abilities. The access of the employees to training is also covered by the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s policies. Specifically, regardless of the employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ race or origin, all employees of Cadbury Schweppes have equal access to training. Moreover, if certain employees are in need of educational or skill support, the company provides them with the necessary training; this would allow them to progress equally with other employees (International Labor Organization 2002). Fairness and equality are also part of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s policies used for handling work issues, grievance matters and discipline. When such issues arise, the company ensures that the situations are assessed fairly and on the same basis as with similar cases. For bullying and harassment, the company also requires all its business units to develop clear guidelines that would help manage these human resource problems. These ensure that the employees are aware on how to report and address these matters. The development and use of these guidelines also help these issues from happening (International Labor Organization 2002). Aside from preventing HR-related risks through policies, the company also develops helpful programs that would promote the well-being of the employees. For example, the company conducts education programs for the employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ health and nutrition; whole-family health management schemes are also implemented. In order to support these programs, the company also provides nutrition-oriented on-site cafeterias. Medical facilities are also made available in the company to meet the employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ basic safety and health requirements. Aside from the employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ physical well-being, their mental health is also cared for; this is done through the provision of counseling services. This aims to assist the employees in handling personal and work-related issues (Cadbury Schweppes 2006b). 2.2.4 Performance Assessment The SHRM application of the company also involves the assessment or measurement of the performance of its employees. Specifically, the company uses a two-part performance measurement system. The line manager is the one in charge of assessing the individual performance of the employee every half and end of the year. Clearly developed performance objectives are used for the evaluation. The line manager presides a formal meeting with the employee to be assessed; during this time, the set objectives set at the beginning of the year is documented by the line manager and signed by the employee (Cadbury Schweppes 2006d). The utilization of a performance measurement system at Cadbury Schweppes allowed the company to fulfill its goal of giving due value on its employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ development, growth and performance management. Through this system, the company is able to recognize and reward the employees who have displayed exemplary performance and gave much contribution to the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s success. Having a designed system allowed the company to apply a consistent approach for appraising the employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ performance, even for those working in other international offices. This approach is composed of tools that facilitate the employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ career development and personal growth; Reward programs are also included. These programs generally help in motivating the employees to contribute more for attaining business success (Cadbury Schweppes 2006e). The managers of the company are also assessed using this system. Specifically, the company makes use behavioral factors that support its global leadership needs, which include accountability, adaptability, aggressiveness, forward-thinking capability, motivation, collaboration, teamwork and company values. A separate assessment process is also used by the company in order to evaluate other potentials of its managers; this enables the company to identify other roles its managers could perform. Due rewards are also provided to the individual based on the outcome of his or her performance appraisal (Cadbury Schweppes 2006d). Aside from the individual performance of the employees and managers, the overall performance of the business in relation to the people it serves is also assessed. For this, Cadbury Schweppes uses the climate survey tool that has the ability to identify the relation between overall business performance and employee engagement. This tool was initially used for the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 10,000 global managers in 2004 and then applied too all employees the following year (Cadbury Schweppes 2006d). 2.3 Impact of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s HR strategies The use of multiple strategies related to SHRM application has generally been beneficial for Cadbury Schweppes. The performance measurement system of the company for example, motivated the employees to work their best. This finding was further stressed when a study finding showed that almost 90% of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s global employees are proud to be employed by Cadbury Schweppes. The survey conducted by the company also showed that the employees are highly committed and engaged to good work performance. The commitment of the employees represents the employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ attachment to the company while engagement indicates the level of effort the employees are willing to give for the company; they key factors have been directly related to the surveyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s key areas. The findings clearly showed that Cadbury Schweppesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ succeeds globally through its employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ engagement and commitment, which were brought about by its HR s trategies. The outcome of the survey was further stressed by the employee turnover records of the company. As of 2003, the turnover rate was at low level of 2.5% at an annual basis; executive population has also dropped minimally from 180 to 165 in 2003 to 2004. The number of women working in the company on the other hand had increased from 11% in 2003 to 13% in 2004. Despite the promising outcome of the survey, the company sees it necessary to continuously improve the level of engagement employees have for good performance (Cadbury Schweppes 2006e). The performance appraisal system also made the employees more aware of what the company expects from them; this strategy also encouraged the employees to constantly seek ways on how their performance can be improved. The utilization of the performance system has also been helpful for the company as it becomes more knowledgeable with the operation areas that need improvements (Cadbury Schweppes 2006d). In general, having a performance appraisal system in the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s SHRM strategy helped it to become proactive in maintaining its good business practices and in developing ways on how to be a better company. The training and programs of the company has also been showing positive outcomes. Its communication-related programs for example, have been able to enhance the employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ communication and engagement level. These skill developments in turn, enabled the company to accomplish several collective bargaining agreements. The SHRM efforts of the company also encourage share ownership among the employees. Specifically, the HR strategy of Cadbury Schweppes made its all-employee share plan arrangements accessible to its employees in UK, US, Spain, New Zealand, Mexico, Portugal, Netherlands, Germany, Australia, France and Ireland. This achievement helped in bringing the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s global employees together (Cadbury Schweppes 2006b). The use of ethical practices in the recruitment and selection of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s employees has also been of benefit especially in ensuring the high standard performance of the staff. Improving the means of recruiting through information technology systems has also helped the company in short listing the best applicants. Since this development has improved the speed of the of the recruitment process, the company has more time to assess job-related exercises. The improved psychometric test allows Cadbury Schweppes to gain information that emphasize the candidatesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ distinct abilities (Graduate Recruiter 2006). Chapter III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction Strategic human resource management has been recognized by various companies as an important factor for achieving business success. Cadbury Schweppes is among those major companies who have long been applying various human resource strategies to achieve good business outcomes. This research was then conducted with aim of identifying the role of SHRM in the achievement of global success using the case of Cadbury Schweppes in UK. In order to achieve this research aim, the researcher used the descriptive method of research. A total of 30 respondents from the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s human resource department were selected in random. The survey questionnaire, structure in Likert-format, served as the main research instrument for this study. In addition to primary information, the researcher also used books, journals and other literatures as sources of secondary data. By means of weighted mean computation and the Likert scale, the results of the survey were then analyzed; relevant liter atures were used to discuss these results. 3.2 Data Requirement In order to achieve the objectives of this research, the researcher would need data that would describe the role of SHRM to the global growth and success of Cadbury Schweppes. For this, the researcher would have to contact people who are knowledgeable of the HR strategies developed and implemented by the company; people who are aware of how these strategies had impacted Cadbury Schweppesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ would also be helpful in answering the needs of this study. Thus, the researcher saw it appropriate to use some of the human resource staff from the company. Considering their participation and experience with these HR strategies, they would be able to provide the data required of this study. 3.3 Research Design In this research, the descriptive method was utilized. The purpose of employing the descriptive method is to describe the nature of a condition, as it takes place during the time of the study and to explore the cause or causes of a particular condition. The researcher opted to use this kind of research considering the desire to acquire first hand data from the respondents so as to formulate rational and sound conclusions and recommendations for the study. According to Creswell (1994), the descriptive method of research is to gather information about the present existing condition. This research method is advantageous for the researcher due to its flexibility; this method can use either qualitative or quantitative data or both, giving the researcher greater options in selecting the instrument for data-gathering. The aim of the research is to determine the role strategic human resource management in the global growth of Cadbury Schweppes; the descriptive method was then appropriate for this research since this method is used for gathering prevailing conditions. The research used human resource management employees as respondents from Cadbury Schweppes based in UK in order to gather relevant data; the descriptive method was then appropriate as this allowed the identification of the similarities and differences of the respondentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ answers. 3.3.1 Research Philosophy In order to carry out the research, the researcher ensured that a certain research philosophy framework is followed throughout the process. In particular, as this study will make use of human participants for data collection, ethical considerations were taken into account. This is in line with the researcherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s aim of carrying out the entire process ethically. Among the significant ethical issues that need attention include consent, confidentiality and data protection. Gaining Consent Securing permission and gaining the consent of the participants for this study is an important ethical consideration. In order to do so, the researcher relayed the aims of the research clearly to all participants. Each participant was asked to accomplish a consent form, stating in detail all the activities involved as well as the purpose of the study. The reasons why the human resource staff of the company was selected as participants were also stated so as to enable the selected participants to connect the aims of the research with that of the participant qualifications. In the consent form, the researcher also discussed in detail all the treatments or procedures to be done in the process. The possible risks that may be part of the research were also discussed with the participants in order to gain their consent. More importantly, the methods or mechanisms that will be used to prevent these risks were also explained. All of these factors to gain the consent of the research participa nts were discussed in the most comprehensive manner based on their level of understanding. Building rapport and gaining the trust of the participants selected to be involved in the study were also essential. These helped in ensuring the cooperation and willingness of the participants to give dependable and sufficient data that for the study. The researcher then integrated research practices that would support this ethical aim. For instance, although the participants may initially give their consent for the research process, the researcher assured the respondents that they are allowed to withdraw from the study even without providing any reason. By giving this freedom, the participants will not feel forced to participate in the process. Moreover, the researcher saw to it that everything stated in the consent form as well as the information given to the respondents before the actual survey were followed strictly. The researcher practiced openness and honesty all throughout the study to assure the research respondents that their security and safety is of utmost priority. Confidentiality The privacy of the respondents as well as the confidentiality of their responses was considered by the researcher as well. In order to do so, the names of the participants were kept confidential. All details that are related to the study were the only ones disclosed in the final report. A copy of the research was also sent to all participants of the study so as to show that all information obtained had been accurate and properly credited. The researcher also ensured that all data gathered for the study were protected from unauthorized access. The nature of the research involves the discussion of company information that is not typically disclosed to the public. The researcher then ensured that the questions in the questionnaire do not require the provision of specific figures, values of percentages related to the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s HR strategies and global growth. Data Protection The researcher protected the data obtained from the research process as well. In order to do this, the researcher protected all files with passwords. This prevented unauthorized people from accidentally accessing the confidential files of the study. All data collation and analysis were done within the school or university premises so as to ensure that no data were transferred at home or in any other unsecured places. 3.3.2 Research Approach As this research made us of a survey questionnaire to gather data, the quantitative approach was used for this study. The quantitative approach is centred on the quantification of relationships between variables. Quantitative data-gathering instruments establish relationship between measured variables. When these methods are used, the researcher is usually detached from the study and the final output is context free. Measurement, numerical data and statistics are the main substance of quantitative instruments. With these instruments, an explicit description of data collection and analysis of procedures are necessary. An approach that is primarily deductive reasoning, it prefers the least complicated explanation and gives a statement of statistical probability. The quantitative approach is more on the detailed description of a phenomenon. It basically gives a generalization of the gathered data with tentative synthesized interpretations. Quantitative approach is useful as it helps the researcher to prevent bias in gathering and presenting research data. Quantitative data collection approaches create epistemological postulations that reality is objective and unitary, which can only be realized by means of transcending individual perspective. This phenomenon in turn should be discussed or explained by means of data analysis gathered through objective forms of measurement. The quantitative data gathering methods are useful especially when a study needs to measure the cause and effect relationships evident between pre-selected and discrete variables. The purpose of the quantitative approach is to avoid subjectivity by means of collecting and exploring information which describes the experience being studied. Quantitative methods establish very specific research problem and terms. The controlled observations, mass surveys, laboratory experiments and other means of research manipulation in qualitative method makes gathered data more reliable. In other words, subjectivity of judgment, which is not needed in a thesis discussion, can be avoided through quantitative methods. Thus, conclusions, discussion and experimentation involved in the process are more objective. Variables, both dependent and independent, that are needed in the study are clearly and precisely specified in a quantitative study. In addition, quantitative method enables longitudinal measures of subsequent performance of the respondents. Fryer (1991) noted that qualitative researchers aim to decode, describe, analyze and interpret accurately the meaning of a certain phenomena happening in their customary social contexts. The focus of the researchers utilizing the framework of the interpretative paradigm is on the investigation of authenticity, complexity, contextualization, mutual subjectivity of the researcher and the respondent as well as the reduction of illusion. 3.4 Participants A total of 30 respondents were selected to participate in the research. In order to obtain data that would be useful for this study, the human resource staff from Cadbury Schweppes UK were asked to take part in the process. As the researcher is based in UK, it will be most practical to have respondents who are accessible to the one conducting the research. Moreover, using respondents from an accessible locale is more cost-efficient. The staff members of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s human resource department were asked to participate since they would be able to provide the most important data that this study requires. In order to ensure that pertinent data was gathered, an inclusion criterion was used by the research for selecting the sample. As the available SHRM literatures of company were mostly within 1998 to 2006 time duration, HR employees who had been employed by the company since 1998 are made part of the population; this would ensure that the respondents have been exposed t o the SHRM strategies applied by the company. This also helped in limiting the sample to a manageable size. As the age, job position and gender of the respondents would not contribute to the aims of the research, these factors were no longer considered in the selection. 3.5 Sampling Technique The 30 participants for this research were selected by means of the simple random sampling. This sampling method is conducted where each member of a population has an equal opportunity to become part of the sample. As all members of the population have an equal chance of becoming a research participant, this is said to be the most efficient sampling procedure. In order to conduct this sampling strategy, the researcher defined the population first, listed down all the members of the population and then selected members to make the sample. For this procedure, the lottery sampling or the fish bowl technique was employed. This method involves the selection of the sample at random from the sampling frame through the use of random number tables (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2003). Numbers were assigned for each employee in the master list. These numbers were written on pieces of paper and drawn from a box; the process was repeated until the sample size was reached. 3.6 Data Collection Two types of data were used for this research: the primary and the secondary data. The primary data were derived from the answers respondents gave in the survey questionnaire prepared by the researcher. The secondary data on the other hand, were derived from the findings stated in published documents and literatures related to the research problem. These were based from the recent literatures related to HRM theories, SHRM concepts as well as companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s HR strategies. 3.6.1 Secondary Research Books, journal, periodicals and other company information that were related to the study were used. In order to support as well as explain the results obtained from the survey, literatures derived from these sources would help add clarity and reliability to the findings obtained. Statistical reports, program descriptions and previous company survey results can only be obtained from secondary resources; hence, the use of literatures can help in confirming survey results. 3.6.2 Primary Research For this study, a survey questionnaire was used for gathering primary data. This has been distributed to the selected respondents. The questionnaire contained questions pertaining to the impact of SHRM strategies of the company to its global success and growth. In order to use the questionnaire as an evaluation tool, the respondents rated each statement or question in the survey using a Likert scale with a five-point response scale. A Likert Scale is a rating scale that requires the subject to indicate his or her degree of agreement or disagreement to a statement. In this survey type, five choices had been provided for every question or statement. The choices represent the degree of agreement each respondent has on the given question. In order to analyse the results of the questionnaire, the weighted mean computed from each survey item was computed. The weighted mean was used in order to obtain the average values that would represent the sampleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s response to each question in the survey. This helped the researcher identify the general response of the participants to the given question or statement. The Likert survey was the selected questionnaire type as this enabled the respondents to answer the survey easily. In addition, this research instrument allowed the research to carry out the quantitative approach effectively with the use of statistics for data interpretation. In order to test the validity of the questionnaire used for the study, the researcher tested the questionnaire to five respondents. These respondents as well as their answers were not part of the actual study process and were only used for testing purposes. After the questions have been answered, the researcher asked the respondents for any suggestions or any necessary corrections to ensure further improvement and validity of the instrument. The researcher revised the survey questionnaire based on the suggestion of the respondents. The researcher then excluded irrelevant questions and changed vague or difficult terminologies into simpler ones in order to ensure comprehension. 3.7 Data Analysis After gathering all the completed questionnaires from the respondents, total responses for each item were obtained and tabulated. In order to use the Likert-scale for interpretation, weighted mean to represent each question was computed. Weighted mean is the average wherein every quantity to be averages has a corresponding weight. These weights represent the significance of each quantity to the average. To compute for the weighted mean, each value must be multiplied by its weight. Products should then be added to obtain the total value. The total weight should also be computed by adding all the weights. The total value is then divided by the total weight. Statistically, the weighted mean is calculated using the following formula: or Once the computed mean for each survey item has been computed, the values are then compared to the likert scale (Underwood 2004): Range Interpretation 4.50 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 5.00 Strongly Agree 3.50 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 4.00 Agree 2.50 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 3.49 Uncertain 1.50 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2.49 Disagree 0.00 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1.49 Strongly Disagree To further understand how the analysis and interpretation were done, consider the example below: Survey Statement 5 4 3 2 1 Weighted Mean Interpretation 1. The employees of the company responds well to the SHRM strategies 16 14 0 0 0 4.53 Strongly Agree of the HR department.                      The first column contains the survey statement from the questionnaire. The succeeding 5 columns are the five likert choices used in the questionnaire (5 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Strongly Agree; 4 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Agree; 3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Uncertain; 2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Disagree; 1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Strongly Disagree). The numbers in the column indicate the number of respondents who selected a particular likert choice for the given question. The formula for computing the weighted mean is then done for each set of answers. The result is found on the seventh column. The interpretation of the computed weighted means was then compared to a likert scale cited previously. Taking the same example from the table and using the scale above, the answers of the respondents gave a weighted mean score of 4.53, which means that the sample in general strongly agrees to the given question.

William Shakespeare s Hamlet - Hamlet - 1083 Words

Title: Hamlet Author: William Shakespeare Main Characters (Protagonist/Antagonist), Title, Traits: Hamlet (Protagonist): Prince of Denmark. Sarcastic, intelligent, stricken with grief at the death of his father, Hamlet Senior. Son of Hamlet Sr and Gertrude. Disgusted by his mother’s marriage to his uncle, Claudius. He is profoundly reflective, but at times acts rashly (likely the result of the rage and grief that consumes him thanks to the circumstances). Has a desire to bring justice to those that have done him wrong. Claudius (Antagonist): Hamlet’s uncle and stepfather. Marries Queen Gertrude after murdering his brother, to Hamlet’s disgust. Hungry for power, Claudius’s actions portray questionable morals, but he shows signs of remorse later in the play. Horatio (Protagonist): Loyal to Hamlet until the very end, Horatio aids Hamlet throughout the play, appearing to be his best intentioned friend. When it seems Hamlet has no one else, Horatio is there. Gertrude: Appears to be shallow and frail. Morally seeks the easier path rather than the right one. Prone to self-preservation, even if it means marrying the brother of her husband mere weeks after his death. Setting: Late middle ages (1300-1499) Elsinore, Denmark (specifically the palace) Summary: Hamlet Senior, King of Denmark, dies. His brother Claudius claims the throne and marries Queen Gertrude shortly after the death of the King. Hamlet Jr is stricken with grief and disgust at this turn of events, and isShow MoreRelatedHamlet : William Shakespeare s Hamlet1259 Words   |  6 PagesOmar Sancho Professor Christopher Cook English 201-0810 Hamlet Paper 23 May 2016 Hamlet Character Analysis â€Å"There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.†(Act 2, Scene 2, 239-251) Hamlet by William Shakespeare is one of the most famous plays written that conveys a multitude theme. 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Wells Anti Lynching Campaign Free Essays

Ida B. Wells was a well-established journalist who lived during the late 19th century and the early 20th century. She was born in Mississippi in 1862 to James and Elizabeth Wells, who were enslaved until the Emancipation Proclamation. We will write a custom essay sample on Wells Anti Lynching Campaign or any similar topic only for you Order Now When Ida was 16, both of her parents and her youngest brother were killed by a yellow fever epidemic. Ida took the responsibility of looking after and providing for her five remaining siblings. Wells moved to Memphis with her aunt where she made many connections with nationally renowned figures focused on the betterment of African-American society. While in Memphis, Wells became a leading figure in the community. She wrote her first article in 1884 and by 1889 was the co-owner of the Free Speech and Headlight paper. Wells was also elected to the position of National Press Association secretary. In 1892, three of Wells’ friends were wrongfully lynched. Until this event, Ida had supported the idea of lynching as a punishment for crimes. She began to take a closer look at lynching and was astonished by what she discovered. This prompted Ida to launch her anti-lynching campaign. After being exiled from Memphis, Ida found a writing position for the New York Age. On June 25, 1892, Ida published an article depicting her exile from Memphis. This gave her anti-lynching campaign the momentum it needed to get off the ground. Lynching was a common practice in the south during the late 19th century. At first it was used as a way to serve justice for crimes. But it quickly evolved; whites used lynching as a way to control the African-American population with the fear of being killed. These events were not isolated what so ever. The events occurring following the Robert Charles manhunt in New Orleans are a prime example of how lynching was not isolated to the perpetrator at all. Charles was being wrongfully arrested and retaliated. After injuring one of the officers and escaping, the man hunt ensued. Mobs formed quickly began to lose focus. Instead of focusing their anger and rage against Charles, they directed it at any African-American they saw. It was no longer an isolated incident and innocent people were being brutally beaten and killed. Ida Wells told the story of what happened in New Orleans to help raise awareness to the events that took place. She wanted to show the rest of America that lynching was not isolated and was completely race biased. Mobs of people were walking through the streets beating or killing ever African-American in sight. They didn’t stop there; they killed innocent people while they were sleeping in their houses. While this started with one man, it turned into a city-wide, bloodthirsty, racially biased conviction. Ida Wells published â€Å"Mob Rule in New Orleans† on September 1, 1900. The text within depicted the events that took place during the manhunt and the mass mob lynching. She describes all of the events in detail, starting with the initial confrontation with Charles. Ida also focused on the innocents caught by the mob, and newspaper articles regarding the individuals. Ida Wells writes, â€Å"its[the mob] only purpose was to pursue, beat and kill any colored man or woman† (Wells, 191). In the publication, Ida expresses that these events were motivated in no way. She explained that the only cause behind this was race, and that America did have a race problem. The South was very divide, and the division was dictated solely by race. Lynching was used as a deterrent, a way to scare African-American into accepting oppression. Ida Wells brought light to the nation on the truth about lynching. She showed the North that it was no longer a practice of justice; instead it had become a crucifixion of anyone with dark skin. The anti-lynching campaign kicked off in 1892. In that year there were 241 lynchings as reported by the Chicago Tribune (Wells, 206). By then end of the century, that number was reduced to 107. It’s no coincidence that the numbers decreased as the campaign grew in strength. The campaign spread the truth about lynching to the nation. Ida Wells was focused on improving the quality of life for all, and she was successful in doing so. She was a very influential person, not only the aspect of anti-lynching, but also on the civil rights front. Her message was heard loud and clear across the nation. Her efforts to stop lynching and improve the quality of life were very successful, paving her way into the history books. How to cite Wells Anti Lynching Campaign, Papers

Christian Perspective on Physician-Assisted Suicide free essay sample

Throughout our lifetimes, we are faced with questions that sometimes seem impossible to answer. Everyone is guided by something (or someone) when It comes to making choices both big and small. When it comes to issues of a moral nature, three-quarters of all Americans claim their religious beliefs are the primary Influence on how they find guidance In their lives. (OMathuna and Amundsen, 1998) What is the Christian perspective on physician-assisted suicide (PAS)? While the topic certainly inspires debate, conclusions can be reached using examples from the Bible, cripture verses regarding life and death, and denominational statements. There are seven recorded accounts of people in the Bible choosing to end their own lives. (Because the Bible does not speak specifically of PAS, insights will be drawn using examples of suicide. According to the Bible, killing Is killing; no matter who commits the act for what reason. ) Abimilech, Samson, Ahithophel, King Zimri, King Saul, Sauls armor bearer, and Judas Iscariot. We will write a custom essay sample on Christian Perspective on Physician-Assisted Suicide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While there is no specific command in the Bible condemning the choice to end ones own life, the depictions of the aforementioned characters are not those of a positive nature. Abimelech seizes power in his lifetime by conspiracy and murder of 70 of his own half-brothers. He is not chosen or appointed by God. After being mortally wounded by having a woman drop a stone on his head, he asks that his armor bearer run him through with his sword so that no one can say he was killed by a woman. The passage states that his death repaid the wickedness he had done to his father by murdering his brothers (Judges 9:50-57, New International Version). Samson is gifted by God with amazing strength. However, he ignores Gods commandments and lives a life tainted with trickery and sexual Immorality. He dies after being held prisoner by his enemies when he tears down a temple to which he has been tied. It collapses killing Samson and everyone else inside Oudges 17:29-30, NIV). Saul becomes the first king of Israel after being warned by God that Israels desire for a human king Is a rejection of the kingship of God. Saul; eventually becomes alienated from God, his family, and his people. His jealousy leads him to attempt murder on more than one occasion. Saul becomes wounded during battle and has no one to turn to for help and refuses to seek Cod. He asks his armor earer to help him die, and after he refuses (and then immediately takes his own life), Saul chooses to fall on his own sword (1 Samuel 31:1-6, NIV). Oftentimes in the New Testament, self-destructive behavior (suicide) Is associated with demon possession. Though the suicide of Judas Iscariot in the New Testament is recorded without comment, Judas was called a traitor, a devil, a thief, and a son of perdition. Judas betrayed Jesus. claiming he never knew him. The weight of his guilt lead him to hang himself. A similar analysis of all the other suicide accounts reveals a consistent pattern. Nowhere is suicide praised or commended. In fact, the lack of explicit comment on the suicides could Just as easily be viewed as a negative evaluation. (OMathuna and Amundsen, 1998) There is one last mention of suicide in the New Testament, yet its conclusion is full of hope and life. Two characters, Paul night, Paul and Silas were praying and singing to God in the midst of their suffering. A violent earthquake shook the foundation of the prison, opened all the cell doors, and loosened all of the chains of the prisoners. The Jailer was awakened and for fear of being killed once prisoners escaped, he drew his sword to kill himself. But Paul shouted and insisted that he not harm himself because no one had escaped. Paul and Silas then spoke with the Jailer about Gods love and salvation. The Jailer was filled with Joy because he had come to believe in God (Acts 16:24-34, NIV). Christians believe that the Bible is the spoken word of God through his people. They believe that the Journey of Jesus Christ from birth to death on a cross demonstrates how they are called to live even in the midst of pain and suffering.

The Scarlet Letter The Pearl Essay Example For Students

The Scarlet Letter The Pearl Essay The Scarlet Letter The PearlPearl: A product of NaturePearl is one of the most interesting and mysterious characters of the novel The Scarlet Letter. One tends to wonder why Pearl is the way she is. Why does she act so strangely and so differently than all the other characters? She acts this way because of a relationship she has with the force of Nature, which Hawthorne personifies as sympathetic towards sins against the puritan way of life. Because of this trait Hesters sin causes Nature to accept Pearl. Finally, Pearls acceptance of Nature is what causes her to act the way she does. We will write a custom essay on The Scarlet Letter The Pearl specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now First it is necessary to examine how nature is identified with sin against the Puritan way of life. The first example of this is found in the first chapter regarding the rosebush at the prison door. This rosebush is located on one side of the portal, and rooted almost at the threshold(36) of the prison. The prison naturallyis the place where people that have sinned against the puritan way of life remain. Then Hawthorne suggests that the roses of the rose-bush might be imagined to offer their fragrance and fragile beauty to the prisoner as he went in, and to the condemned criminal as he came forth to his doom, in token that the deep heartof Nature could pity and be kind to him(36). This clearly states that Nature is kind to prisoners and criminals that pass through the prison doors. Hawthorne strengthens this point by suggesting two possible reasons for the rosebushs genesis. The first is that it had merely survived out of the stern oldwilderness(36), while the second reason is that t here is fair authority for believing the rose-bush had sprung up under the footsteps of the sainted Ann Hutchinson(36). By Hawthornes wording it appears as if he is emphasizing the second reason because he suggests there is fair authority. Connecting therosebush originating from Ann Hutchinson, an outcast from puritan society, shows the connection with Nature and sin against puritan way of life. This rosebush symbolizes the sympathy of Nature towards the very people Puritan society has condemned. The idea illustrated by the rosebush can therefore be applied to the specific character of Pearl. Because Pearl was expelled from Puritan society Nature sympathizes with her. Natures sympathy and partiality with Pearl can be seen with the sunshine in the forest. Pearl attempts to catch the sunshine and according to Hawthorn Pearl . . . did actually catch the sunshine . . . The light lingered about the lonely child, as if glad of such a playmate . . .(146). Hawthorn describes another sign of acceptance as the great black forest . . . became the playmate of the lonely infant(163). Hawthorne eventually declares that The truth seems to be . . . that the mother-forest, and these wild things which it nourished, all recognized a kindred wildness in the human child(163). All natural things an..d Nature accept this little girl who has been thrust out of Puritan society. A way to strengthen this point is to show Natures reaction to Hester. The strange thing is that the sunshine runs from Hester even though it was her sin against the Puritan laws that produced Pearl who is accepted by the sunshine or Nature. In fact the sunshine runs away and hides itself, because it is afraid of something on Hesters bosom (146), the Scarlet Letter, which represents Hesters acceptance of Puritan law and way of life. Therefore her sin doesnt invite the sympathy of Nature. This is why when she throws the letter on the ground forth burst the sunshine, pouring a very flood into the obscure forest . . .(162). Only then did Nature show its acceptance by flooding the forest with sunshine. .u4cc8f77b5468684ae13686d86840ae26 , .u4cc8f77b5468684ae13686d86840ae26 .postImageUrl , .u4cc8f77b5468684ae13686d86840ae26 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4cc8f77b5468684ae13686d86840ae26 , .u4cc8f77b5468684ae13686d86840ae26:hover , .u4cc8f77b5468684ae13686d86840ae26:visited , .u4cc8f77b5468684ae13686d86840ae26:active { border:0!important; } .u4cc8f77b5468684ae13686d86840ae26 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4cc8f77b5468684ae13686d86840ae26 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4cc8f77b5468684ae13686d86840ae26:active , .u4cc8f77b5468684ae13686d86840ae26:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4cc8f77b5468684ae13686d86840ae26 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4cc8f77b5468684ae13686d86840ae26 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4cc8f77b5468684ae13686d86840ae26 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4cc8f77b5468684ae13686d86840ae26 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4cc8f77b5468684ae13686d86840ae26:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4cc8f77b5468684ae13686d86840ae26 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4cc8f77b5468684ae13686d86840ae26 .u4cc8f77b5468684ae13686d86840ae26-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4cc8f77b5468684ae13686d86840ae26:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Computer Fraud And Crimes EssayThe sympathy that Nature extends to Pearl is what makes her so different. Pearl has two personalities, one being that which belongs to Puritan life, the other being that of the wild elf-child of the forest. For her entire life she has been ostracized from Puritan society so she has no choice but to accept her kindredwildness that Nature accepts in her. This is the key to why Pearl is such

Alice in Wonderland essays

Alice in Wonderland essays Lewis Carrolls works Alices Adventures in Wonderland s is shown a childs ability to survive in a hostile world. By this last statement I am referring to Cohens comment that Wonderland (published in1865) captures the disappointments, fears, and bewilderment that all children encounter in their dealings with authoritarian, pompous and mystifying adults which Wonderland seems to have no deficiency of. Throughout the story Carroll portrays his views on the education of the times. He makes morals and tales of obedience(Brown,May Lee) seem nonsensical by the character of the Duchess and Alices preoccupation with her lessons. The Duchess keeps insisting to Alice that Everythings got a moral, if only you can find it(Wonderland, 70), but with morals like mustard and dogs both bite(Wonderland, 70) you can see this rule is not quite right. The absurdity of such a character(Brown,May Lee) trying to teach Alice anything is a parody of what Carroll thought about the lessons children were being taught. Also Alice refers to her lessons and her education, usually very proud of the learning that she has acquired. It seems, however, that the information that she remembers from her lessons is usually either wrong or completely useless.(Brown, May Lee) All...

Identify the key challenges for implementing public policy in modern Essay

Identify the key challenges for implementing public policy in modern Britain - Essay Example The general economic crisis, which has amazed many West-European countries in 80-90-ies years, has forced them to reconsider the social policy. "The social state" has appeared to be unable to cope with new problems of public management (social deviations, "new poor", growth of criminality, etc.). The concept of "the social state" was replaced by neoliberalism that demanded the redefinition of the purposes of the state and the "rational" management. The social conditions of political practices have radically changed, having caused new political forms, and new professionals of their manufacture (experts, social workers) (Ham, 1984, p87). Each form of public policy is directed on the social problem and has its "public" (a category of social counterparts). However the problem, no less than a social category, is not something certainly and unequivocally given, but the results of designing of agents of public policy. The Researches of public policy in the West aspire to separate in the independent discipline, speaking on behalf a name of a science about "the state in operation". However, declaring itself as a science about "public action", it in practice, often departs from the model of knowledge accepted in the academic world and takes the form of set of techniques or check lists, intended for the persons making the decision, i.e. solves the problems of public management. A greater part of the responsibility for that lays on Anglo-Saxon tradition as, since the fiftieth years, the researches of public policy in the USA are based on concept "government" and have almost exclusively pragmatical character(Ham, 1984, p94). Studying of public policy goes back to the standard of distinction between policy (a policy as the program of actions) and politics (a policy as a system of sights). The problem of public policy is considered here in aspect of increasing inability of the modern state to solve socia l problems of the population. The state is ostensibly

ISLAM. Shi'i and Sunni Muslims Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ISLAM. Shi'i and Sunni Muslims - Research Paper Example Islam is articulated by the divine book, Holy Quran, and is a monotheistic religion. Quran is the text, which is regarded as the perfect word of God by its Muslim followers and by the teachings of Holy Prophet (PBUH). Muhammad (PBUH) is the last Prophet of Allah and the seal on all the prophets and marks the finality of the prophethood. An adherent, or a follower, of Islam is known as the Muslim. The Muslims, without doubt, believe that there is only One and Incomparable God and the purpose of the existence of entire humanity is to serve and love the Almighty Power. They are also of the firm belief that Islam is a full universal adaptation of the primitive faith which was sent at various places and times through Moses, Abraham, and Jesus, who were the prophets of God before the arrival of Holy Prophet (PBUH) (Raana, 2010). Majority of the Muslims in Islam are the Sunni followers these days. According to the etymology of the word Sunni, it is a very broad terms which has been derived from the word Sunnah, which means a ‘normal practice’ or ‘habit’. Sunnis exist from the time of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), and are generally considered as the orthodox, or conventional, form of the religion. They are considered to be the followers of one of the four schools of thoughts: Hanafi, Maliki, Shafii, and Hanbali. These schools differ from each other in the methodologies of interpreting and practicing the Islamic laws (Marranci, 2007). The formation of Sunni sect was the outcome of the election of Abu Bakar as the first successor of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Ali had already got the candidature for the caliph but when the community chose the closest companion of Holy Prophet, the entire community got divided into two sects over this dispute. Those, who accepted and respected the legality and authority of Abu Bakar’s caliphate composed the majority of Muslims, were later called as â€Å"Sunni,† which means the â€Å"followers of [the Prophet’s] customs [sunna].† The

Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Managment - Essay Example In simple words, sustainability aims to combat with the latest challenges by allocating the resources and energies for the short term period without putting the future developments into jeopardy. Thus, sustainability is basically seen by neoclassical economists as a problem of managing a nation’s portfolio of capital to maintain it at a constant level, either in toto or per capita. It includes natural capital, in principle, but it also allows for virtually unlimited substitution between man-made and natural capital (Pearce et al., 1990: quoted in Ayers 2000 2). Hence, sustainability looks into the canvas of business environment with a larger and long term perspective. However, it does not mean that it absolutely nullifies the long-term planning. On the contrary, it works out on current corporate scenario in such a dedicated way, by exercising best of skills and proficiencies that it indirectly creates long-term shareholder value by increasing opportunities and minimizing risk factors for the future years to come. Sustainability is essentially the continuity of the satisfaction regarding the fulfillment of basic needs; the same can be witnessed by elaborating the concept within corporate point of view, where it is actually the strategy devised and articulated to keep the ball of commercial activities rolling. The analysts divide sustainability into two different levels, which include weak and strong sustainability. Weak sustainability is the idea that natural capital can be used up as long as it is converted into manufactured capital of equal value. On the other hand, strong sustainability is the idea that there are certain functions that the environment performs that cannot be duplicated by humans.(Hart, Maureen 1998 3) In other words, the theorists argue that different forms of capital can be utilized by converting it from natural form into manufactured capital form. Consequently, weak sustainability measures the value of natural objects, beauties and c apital within a monetary perspective without taking into account its worthwhile status as the pure object of nature. For instance, mountains offer countless beauties and finances are generated from the tourists and visitors. Additionally, there are countless natural products that could be obtained from mountains and hills. However, the weak sustainability mere calculates the gains that could be generated by turning the hilly areas into plains. Thus, the narrow-sightedness of the notion appears to be unable to provide an in-depth analysis of the objects of nature and mistakenly regard them as the wastage of resources out of which huge money could be generated. Similarly, a forest full of trees contains the worth quite different from the estimation made by an entrepreneur. A value can be calculated if you assume that all the trees are cut down and turned into furniture or paper. However, the forest provides a home for wildlife that provides food for hunters. It also provides a place f or hikers to enjoy the natural environment. (Hart, Maureen 1998 5) On the other hand, strong sustainability refutes the very idea that natural capital are substitute to one another and hence can be estimated in terms of materialistic and

Performance Analysis of Reusable Software Systems

Performance Analysis of Reusable Software Systems Monika Kalotra Dr. Kuljit Kaur Abstract: To improve the quality of software system, there is a need to eliminate or reduce the rework. Software reuse is one of the solution proposed for it. Software reuse involves reuse of existing software modules, also called reusable software components, while creating new software systems. In the context of software reuse, it is important to evaluate the performance of reusable software components as performance is a crucial factor in the selection of any third party or existing software components. This paper shows a comparative study on the performance analysis of four reusable software components-hibernate, spring, IBatis and EclipseLink. This paper presents the way to build a comparative analysis that shows the average execution time, average heap usage, and average CPU utilization of the reusable software components using java based VisualVM tool. Keywords: Performance, Software Reusability, java framework, CBSD. I. INTRODUCTION In 1968, to overcome the software crisis Mcllroy proposed the concept of software [1]. To build large reliable software systems in a controlled and cost effective way, he pointed towards the effective use of reusable software components [2]. The results of software reuse to improve the productivity of the programmer because with the reuse we can produce high quality software at a minimum cost and deliver it within a short span of time [6]. Reused software is of better quality than new software because it has been already tried and tested in other systems. There are two approaches for reuse of code: develop the code with reuse or develop the code for reuse. In either case, there is a need of measuring the quality of the reusable piece of software [8]. The reuse of program/software is a common technique which attempts to save time and cost by reducing duplicate work. This paper presents a comparative study on the performance of four reusable software components hibernate, spring, IBatis, EclipseLink. These are Object Relational Mapping based framework. They can be used in developing a Java application. These components map the java classes to relational tables in database with the help of SQL queries. Several SQL queries are executed on these components at the backend. In order to measure the execution time, CPU utilization of every executed SQL query, performance benchmarks are used. We make a comparison between these reusable components using java VisualVM tool. II. RELATED WORK To evaluate software reusability two approaches are used: qualitative and empirical [11]. The qualitative methods require significantly manual efforts and depend on a subjective value. Empirical methods depend on the objective data that can be collected with the help of some simulation tool. The performance metrics of component based systems, which are the challenging properties to predict and measure [4]. They have performed three case studies on performance analysis of real-time systems using Deep Compass framework. For performance analysis, software toolkit called CARAT is used for model synthesis and simulation. The performance of prediction methods based on models that support a development process from top to bottom, where developers create a new architecture and software components [3]. These methods rarely integrating existing components in the software architecture models. While there are many tools for performance measurement and profiling existing software components cannot be directly tested the performance when integrated into a model. A systematic approach proposed to software reuse are built to reuse and build by recycling [5]. The problems in software engineering is not a lack of reuse, but a lack of systematic reuse. They know how to do, but they do it informally. The concept of reuse is used to reduce the cost, effort and execution time for software development. Re also raises the productivity, maintainability and reliability of the software, which has been evaluated before in other software. Reusable software components framework is proposed. Empirical observations was made by applying the framework to the recording system C. The result clearly shows that the proposed framework to reduce the work of software developers, who needed a bit of effort to build reuse or build by recycling. The most complex components in the software development process is the database. The performance analysis of persistence framework explained in [15]. The complexity increases when the perspective differs of the interacting components. The performance comparison of two persistence frameworks namely Hibernate and IBatis using a banking database. Both the framework maps JavaBeans to SQL statements using a XML descriptor. The online banking application case study is used. Performance is measured using a java program which uses basic SQL operations on the banking database and the Round Trip Time is calculated and used to measure the way these mapping tools perform under various situations. The performance of both of these tools in single and multi-user environments are evaluated. Hibernate performs better because it supports lazy fetching and mapping associations. To develop the performance of software applications is a major problem in software applications. The solution is to avoid the assessment of late performance [10]. A prediction approach to provide the best solution to solve the problem. Three types of approaches to performance prediction used to know the measurement approach, the approach based on a model and a mixed approach. The main goal is to improve the performance of the software. Steffen and Ralf reported five factors that impact the performance of software component is the implementation components, resource conflicts, use patterns, platform deployment and required services. Quantitative approaches related to the objectives of the performance engineering of software to evaluate the software, which by focusing on quality factors of performance such as response time and throughput. In the end result, the hybrid approach is the best approach. III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Data Collection To analyze the performance of reusable software components, we have downloaded some jar files relevant to these reusable software components. A Java application can be started with a set of jar files. For implementing various libraries and plug-ins in java applications these jar files are used. The various jar files being used are mysql-connector-java, hibernate-core, hibernate-validator, jboss-logging-3.1.3.ga-sources, javassist, org.springframework, org.springframework.Expression, ibatis-dao, ibatis.jar, javassist, IBatis-common and eclipselink. B. Performance Metrics: VisualVM is a tool that provides interface for viewing detailed information about Java based applications [7]. VisualVM organizes data about the JVM software and presents the information that enables the developer to quickly view data on multiple Java applications. Java VisualVM can be used by Java application developers to monitor and improve java applications performance. There are four metrics used to analyze the performance of reusable software components. a). CPU Utilization: Using this metric, you can see how much of CPU is being consumed by database activities. CPU utilization is used to track CPU performance when running a specific piece of code. It is measured in %. b). Total Classes loaded: VisualVM counts the total number of classes loaded for any java application. c). Heap used: It shows how much of the heap is currently used by a java application. It is measured in MB. d). Threads: Athreadis a programs path of execution. Two types of threads are used: live thread and daemon thread. i. Live Thread also called used thread. User thread are threads created by programmer. ii. Daemon Threads are called service provider threads and run parallel to your code. When Java Virtual Machine finds no user threads all daemon thread terminate immediately. Some reusable Software Components are used to analyze the performance and make a comparison between them. A. Hibernate In 2001, Hibernate was developed by Gavin King. Hibernate is a tool for object-relational mapping. Object-relational mapping is a programming method for mapping Java objects to relational model where Java classes are mapped to tables [6] database. This is an open source persistent framework. There is a persistence framework powerful high performance and query service for Java application. Hibernate fills the gap and establish a connection between a Java application and a database. Hibernate uses the OO approach based on Java and binds known as POJO (plain old java objects) into a single object and table cards in a database java classes [14]. B. Spring Spring is a free and open source framework that offers many features for developers. It was jointly developed by Rod Johnson and Juergen Hoeller in June 2003 is also a base ORM framework. Spring Framework aims to make application development enterprise Java easier to use and promote good programming by allowing a POJO-based programming model. Important features are the Inversion of Control, AOP and Spring MVC [12]. Spring Framework allows us to manage the relationships between different parts of the project to loose coupling between modules. C. IBatis This is an open source Java-based framework for ORM mapping data. In 2001, IBatis developed by Clinton Begin. IBATIS is a persistence framework that allows the mapping between SQL databases and Java objects. Mappings are separated from the application logic by wrapping SQL statements in XML configuration files. IBATIS is a lightweight frame. IBatis mapping parameters and results between class properties and the columns of the database table [9]. D. EclipseLink The EclipseLink provides object relational persistence solution with additional features for developers. EclipseLink is also a focused framework for ORM progressed and provides support for relational databases. EclipseLink is a source object persistence and transformation of the open object framework. It provides execution capabilities that reduce development efforts and maintenance of an application. The software provides an extensible framework that allows developers to interact with many data services [13]. IV. RESULTS A. Simulation Environment Performance of Hibernate, Spring, EclipseLink and IBatis is measured using a java simulation tool. These four reusable software components perform basic SQL operations on the music database and the execution time is calculated and used to measure the way these mapping tools perform under various situations. The aim is to get the time from generation of SQL to querying music database and then getting back the data. The conditions were the same for all these components. The execution time of application is computed by applying select, insert database operations on these four reusable software components. For this purpose, a set of SQL queries is executed against music database. The performance of Hibernate, Spring, IBatis and EclipseLink is monitored under multi user environment because java supports multithreading environment. The tests were conducted in the following environment: Operating system: Microsoft Windows 7, Processor: Intel Core 2 Duo Processor, Memory: 2GB. To monitor a java application, the parameters that we have used are CPU Utilization, Classes loaded, No. of Threads executed and Heap used by reusable software component. The experimental results of these software components are represented using graphical charts. In this we have considered select and insert sql queries as two benchmarks. For the first Select Benchmark we have used these SQL queries are: TABLE 1. For Select Query These SQL select queries are executed at the backend in the database. When we run these queries it shows how much CPU is utilized, how many classes are loaded, how much heap is used and how much time it takes to execute the java application. According to the average graphs, it is clear that IBatis perform better for select query because its development time is less as compared to other components. IBatis is a data mapper i.e. it maps results sets to the object in java application while other components map the columns of database tables with the java classes. IBatis makes use of SQL which is database dependent. According to the graphs, IBatis has less average CPU utilization, less execution time and consumes less heap because stored procedures are used. A stored procedures is a group of SQL statements that created and stored on database. The stored procedures improved the heap usage and improve the performance of application. IBatis loaded less no. of classes because of lazy loading and another reason is multiple threads are executed simultaneously. The insignificant code is reduced to access a database. The results of select query benchmarks are shown in fig1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Fig 1. Execution time Fig 2: Average Heap Used Fig 3: Total no. Classes loaded Fig 4: No. of Threads Executed Fig 5: CPU usage The insertion operation is regarded as the second benchmark. The insert operation is used to insert one or more rows in a database table. The first command of language data manipulation performed immediately after the creation of this table is the insertion expression. For the second Insert Benchmark we have used these SQL queries: TABLE 2. For Insert Query According to the average graphs, the Charts shown that IBatis performs better for insert benchmark. The average execution time is large, maximum heap is used because multiple records are inserted in to database tables. The only operation in which spring consumes more time is for the insert operation. The number of threads executed to run a java application in IBatis is less than hibernate because we don’t have to create the separate session for threads to insert objects into the database. The sessions in IBatis enhance the performance by reducing the number of times the application needs to access the data. In this case, larger number of classes are loaded in EclipseLink than IBatis but lesser than hibernate. EclipseLink consumes more CPU with respect to the other components. For every insert operations so much effort was necessary on querying, IBatis handles this query in a better way. The results of insert query benchmarks are shown in fig 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. Fig 6: Execution time Fig 7: CPU utilization Fig 8: Heap Used. Fig 9: No. of Threads Executed. Fig 10. Number of classes loaded V. CONCLUSION This paper presents the comparative analysis of four reusable software components namely hibernate, spring, IBatis and EclipseLink. Reusability allows us to use existing software system rather than building them from scratch. Three performance benchmarks namely SELECT, INSERT and JOIN queries are used in order to measure the performance of reusable software components. These benchmarks were applied on these four reusable software components to analyze their performance and to make a comparison among them. The performance was analyzed using these performance metrics such as CPU utilization, heap Used, number of threads executed, execution time and number of classes loaded with the help of VisualVM. According to our results in SELECT and INSERT queries, IBatis showed outstanding results as compared to other reusable components because it uses less average CPU utilization because of multithreading. IBatis consumes less heap because caching in IBatis improves the performance by caching a ll the results in the mapping statement and reducing the unnecessary trips to the database. IBatis loaded less number of classes because IBatis is a light weight component. REFERENCES [1]. McIlroy, Doug, â€Å"Mass Produced Software Components† Software Engineering Concepts and Techniques: Proceedings of the NATO Conferences, J.M. Buxton, P. Naur, and B. Randell, eds., Petrocelli/Charter, 1969. [2]. Johannes Sametinger, â€Å"Software Engineering with Reusable Components†, ACM Computing Surveys, ISBN: 3-540-62695-6, 1997. [3]. Simonetta Balsamo, Antinisca Di Marco, Paola Inverardi, and Marta Simeoni. â€Å"Model-Based Performance Prediction in Software Development: A Survey†, Software Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Volume: 30, Issue: 5 ISSN: 0098-5589,pp-223-228, 2004 [4]. V. Grassi, R. Mirandola, and A. Sabetta, â€Å"A Model Transformation Approach for the Early Performance and Reliability Analysis of Component-Based Systems†, Proc. In CBSE 6th joint meeting of the European software engineering conference and the ACM SIGSOFT, ISBN 978-1-4503-2237-9, 2006. [5]. Anas Bassam AL-Badareen, Mohd Hasan Selamat and Sherzod Turaev, â€Å"Reusable Software Components Framework†, International conference on Advances in Communications, Computers, Systems and Devices, ISBN: 978-960-474-250-9, 2008. [6]. Jiya Jiang , Yu Liu, â€Å"The Construction of E-Business Portal Based on Struts, Spring and Hibernate†, IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies, 2009. [7]. VisualVM tool accessed from http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/html/as400/v4r5/ic2924/index.htm?info/rzaihh.htm, 2009. [8]. Dantas, F., Garcia, â€Å"A. Software Reuse versus Stability: Evaluating Advanced Programming Techniques†, Proc. SBES10, Brazil, 2010. [9]. Zhiyu Zhou and Zhiang Chen, â€Å"Performance Evaluation of Transparent Persistence Layer in Java Applications†, IEEE proceedings International Conference on Cyber-Enabled Distributed Computing and Knowledge Discovery ISBN: 978-1-4244-8434-8, 2010. [10]. Adil Ali Abdelaziz, Wan M.N. Wan Kadir and Addin Osman, â€Å"Comparative Analysis of Software Performance Prediction Approaches in Context of Component-based System†, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 23– No.3, June 2011. [11] Anupama Kaur, Himanshu Monga, Mnupreet Kaur, â€Å"Performance Evaluation of Reusable Software Components†, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2012. [12]. Ankur Bawiskar, Vinayak Kankate, â€Å"Integration of Struts, Spring and Hibernate for an University Management Sys†, International Journal of Emerging Tech and Advanced Engineering, 2012. [13] EclipseLink accessed from http://www.eclipse.org/eclipselinkjpa_extensions.pdf, 2012. [14] Hibernate accessed from http://www.tutorialspoint.com/hibernate/hibernateoverview.htm, 2012. [15]. S. M. Thampi and Ashwin Kumar, â€Å"Performance Comparison of Persistence Frameworks, Published in Cornell University Library, Arxiv, ISSN-1653-5715, 2013.

Ambrose Bierces’ An Occurence At Owl Creek Bridge Essay -- Occurence O

Ambrose Bierces’ Story â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ambrose Bierces’ story â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge† tells the story of a confederate secessionist, who is being hanged by Union troops. At the time of the hanging, the soldiers drop him from the bridge. Luckily, just as he falls the rope snaps and the man dives into the â€Å"sluggish stream†. He miraculously takes off his ropes and swims away. When he reaches the bank of the creek, he runs for what seems like forever. He finally reaches home, where his family is waiting so anxiously for him. However, Bierce chooses to surround this intriguing tell with elements that carry visual, concrete, and intangible symbolism. The symbolic elements of â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge† imply that the protagonist, Peyton Fahrquhar, is out of touch with reality, which evidently leads to the added twist at the end of the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of the symbols in the story have to do with visual representation. For example, Bierce focuses on one specific color, which is gray. Gray is the color of the Confederate soldiers’ uniforms. It is the also the color the Union soldier wears to deceive Fahrquhar. Gray is the color of the figures he sees in the distance in his delusion. It is also the color of the sharpshooter that misses him. Since gray is mentioned so often, the reader can assume that it has a meaning outside its visual representation. First, the color gray is used to describe the mood of the story. Generally, when one think of the color gray, a poignant feeling arouses. Linking the two, the mood of the story is therefore also distressing. Secondly, the color gray is used to symbolize Fahrquhars’ role: a middle man without much sense or direction. In the story, the first mention of the color is used to describe him. â€Å"He wore a moustache and pointer beard, but no whiskers: his eyes were large and dark grey†¦ † The reader should also notice that Fahrquar is the only one who sees gray, which means the color, represents him. Gray is the intermediate in character and position. Like Fahrquar, who is considered to be in the middle of the situation, only trying to do what he believes is right.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bierce use of symbolism is far great than the actually concept of the story. He also uses solid or concrete objects to convey his hidden messages. For example his constant mention of the Bridge. Obviously it... ...ot so bad; but I do not wish to be shot. No; I will not be shot; that is not fair.† In Fahrquars’ hallucination, he gets mad at the thought of being shot after he managed to escape his hanging. Depression kicks in when Bierce says â€Å"By nightfall he was fatigued, footsore, and famished. He knew it (his neck) had a circle of black where the rope had bruised it.† Fahrquar is tired and confused. This is a clear sign that death is near, leading him into depression, which sheds light on his impossible endurance. Acceptance occurs when Bierce says, â€Å"†¦he has merely recovered from a delirium†¦ and sees home†¦ all bright and beautiful†¦ † This clearly shows that Fahrquar has accepted what is happening, almost as if he has given up. He finally enters the last stage of his symbolic dying process. Bierce says, â€Å"†¦then all is dark and silent†¦Peyton Fahrquar was dead†¦Ã¢â‚¬    Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge† is riddled with symbolic meaning. Bierce creates a realistic disguise of events until the very end of the story, where he allows the reader to realize that Fahrquars’ escape did not actually occur. He uses symbols to convey the true meaning of this breathtaking story: Perception is Reality.